经济学论文代写, What are the strengths and limitations of the conventional view of rationality in economics

发表于:2022-08-17 17:37:56 范文

Outline how economists use the term rationality and contrast it with how it is used in psychology? What are the strengths and limitations of the conventional view of rationality in economics?

概述经济学家如何使用“理性”一词,并将其与心理学中的用法进行对比?经济学中关于理性的传统观点有哪些优点和局限性?


Rationality is one of the terms that economists commonly use in their work. To begin with, Rubinstein (1998) argues that rationality as a term is mainly used in economics to describe the outcome of a decision after an individual has considered different available options. In this regard, this scholar emphasise that human beings are expected to make rational decision based on their knowledge about a specific element. Therefore, rationality as term is often used to describe how best an individual’s decision is considering his or her knowledge concerning a particular aspect. Importantly, Rubinstein (1998) further explains that whenever the term rationality is used, the individual in question must not just the consider the knowledge he or she has concerning a particular aspect or element but also need to ensure that such knowledge is drawn from coherent inferences. Zouboulakis (2014) further supports the argument by Rubinstein (1998) and further affirms that whenever economists use the word rationality, most of them expect that an individual’s decision considering his or her knowledge concerning a particular issue as well as the available alternatives, maximises gains and minimises losses. Thus, from the perspective of both Zouboulakis (2014) and Rubinstein (1998), economists often use the term ‘rationality’ to refer to a situation whereby the decision-maker will consider available information on a particular issue and as such, make a decision that reduces maximises utility.

理性是经济学家在工作中常用的术语之一。首先,Rubinstein(1998)认为,理性作为一个术语,主要用于经济学中,描述个人考虑不同可用选项后的决策结果。在这方面,这位学者强调,人们应该根据对特定元素的了解做出理性的决策。因此,理性这个术语经常被用来描述一个人的决定是如何更好地考虑他或她的知识,关于一个特定的方面。重要的是,鲁宾斯坦(1998)进一步解释,每当使用术语合理性时,所讨论的个体不仅必须考虑他或她关于某一方面或元素的知识,而且还需要确保这样的知识是从连贯推论中提取出来的。Zouboulakis(2014年)进一步支持Rubinstein(1998年)的观点,并进一步确认,无论何时经济学家使用“理性”一词,他们中的大多数人都希望个人的决策考虑到他或她的关于特定问题的知识以及可用的替代方案,从而更大限度地增加收益,更大限度地减少损失。因此,从Zouboulakis(2014)和鲁宾斯坦(1998)的观点来看,经济学家经常使用“合理性”这个术语来指决策者将考虑特定问题上的可用信息,从而做出减少更大效用的决策。


Apart from the use of rationality in maximisation of utility, economists also use this term to explain the ability of an individual in society to maintain consistent behaviour as far as his or her preferences are concerned. In line with this, some economists argue that it is impossible to determine whether a person’s behaviour is rational if one has preferences that are not consistent (Lagueux, 2010). In this regard, Lagueux (2010) argues that rationality in a person’s behaviour can only be established if his or her preferences when measured produced consistent outcome.

For instance, if a person prefers to eat a banana rather than an apple, his or her behaviour as far as his preference for a banana over an apple should be consistent not just at a particular point in time but rather all the time whether the number of both apples and bananas is increased or reduced. This means that if a decision is unlikely to be repeated, then from an economic perspective, such a decision defies rationality.

除了在效用更大化中使用理性之外,经济学家还使用这一术语来解释社会中个人在其偏好方面保持一致行为的能力。与此相一致,一些经济学家认为,如果一个人的偏好不一致,就不可能确定一个人的行为是否理性(Lagueux,2010)。在这方面,Lagueux(2010)认为,只有当一个人的偏好在衡量时产生一致的结果时,才能建立其行为的合理性。例如,如果一个人喜欢吃香蕉而不是苹果,那么他或她的行为就其喜欢香蕉而不是苹果而言,不仅在某一特定时间点,而且无论苹果和香蕉的数量是增加还是减少,他或她的行为都应该是一致的。这意味着,如果一个决定不太可能被重复,那么从经济角度来看,这样的决定是违反理性的。



 

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